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Inhalant

What Are the Common Effects?

Initial Effects

The lungs absorb inhaled chemicals into the bloodstream very quickly, sending them throughout the brain and body. Within minutes of inhalation, users feel "high." The effects are similar to those produced by alcohol and may include slurred speech, lack of coordination, euphoria, and dizziness. The high usually lasts only a few minutes.

With repeated inhalations, many users feel less inhibited and less in control. Some may feel drowsy for several hours and experience a lingering headache.

Effects on the Brain

Inhalants often contain more than one chemical. Some chemicals leave the body quickly, but others stay for a long time and get absorbed by fatty tissues in the brain and central nervous system.

One of these fatty tissues is myelin, a protective cover that surrounds many of the body's nerve fibers. Myelin helps nerve fibers carry their messages to and from the brain. Damage to myelin can slow down communication between nerve fibers.

Long-term inhalant use can break down myelin. When this happens, nerve cells are not able to transmit messages as efficiently, which can cause muscle spasms and tremors or even permanent difficulty with basic actions like walking, bending, and talking. These effects are similar to what happens to patients with multiple sclerosis—a disease that also affects myelin.

Inhalants also can damage brain cells by preventing them from receiving enough oxygen. The effects of this condition, also known as brain hypoxia, depend on the area of the brain affected. The hippocampus, for example, helps control memory, so someone who repeatedly abuses inhalants may lose the ability to learn new things or may have a hard time carrying on simple conversations. If the cerebral cortex is affected, the ability to solve complex problems and plan ahead will be compromised. And, if the cerebellum is affected, it can cause a person to move slowly or clumsily.

Inhalants can be addictive. Long-term use can lead to compulsive drug seeking and use, and mild withdrawal symptoms.

Other Health Effects

Regular abuse of inhalants can cause serious harm to vital organs besides the brain. Inhalants can cause heart damage, liver failure, and muscle weakness. Certain inhalants can also cause the body to produce fewer blood cells, which can lead to a condition known as aplastic anemia (in which the bone marrow is unable to produce blood cells). Frequent long-term use of certain inhalants can cause a permanent change or malfunction of peripheral nerves, called polyneuropathy.

Specific Effects by Type of Inhalant

Depending on the type of inhalant abused, the harmful health effects will differ. The table below lists a few examples.

Examples of Effects by Type of Inhalant

Inhalant	Examples	Effects
Toluene	Spray paint Glue Dewaxer Fingernail polish	Hearing loss Damage to white matter in the brain
Trichloroethylene	Cleaning fluid Correction fluid	Hearing loss
Hexane	Glue Gasoline	Peripheral neuropathy (nerves carrying messages to and from brain and spinal cord don’t work properly)
Nitrous Oxide	Whipped cream dispensers Gas cylinders	Hearing loss
Benzene	Gasoline	Bone marrow damage
Difluoroethane (Freon) substitutes	Dust-Off	Irregular heart rhythms

Butane gas, found in cigarette lighters and refills, makes the heart extra sensitive to a chemical naturally found in the body that carries messages from the central nervous system to the heart. This chemical, noradrenaline, tells the heart to beat faster when someone is in a stressful situation. If the heart becomes too sensitive to noradrenaline, it can affect the heart's rhythm, with potentially lethal consequences.

Nitrite abuse has other health risks. Unlike most other inhalants, which act directly on the brain, nitrites enlarge blood vessels, allowing more blood to flow through them. Inhaled nitrites make the heart beat faster and produce a sensation of heat and excitement that can last for several minutes. Nitrites can also cause dizziness and headaches. Nitrites are typically used by older adolescents and adults, and their abuse is associated with unsafe sexual practices that can increase the risk of contracting and spreading infectious diseases, such as HIV and hepatitis.

Lethal Effects

Prolonged sniffing of the highly concentrated chemicals in solvents or aerosol sprays can cause irregular or rapid heart rhythms and can lead to heart failure and death within minutes. This "sudden sniffing death" is particularly associated with the abuse of butane, propane, and chemicals in aerosols.

High concentrations of inhalants also can cause death from suffocation. This happens when the inhalant vapor takes the place of oxygen in the lungs and brain, causing breathing to stop. Deliberately inhaling from a paper or plastic bag or in a closed area, for example, greatly increases the chances of suffocation.

While high on inhalants, people also can die by choking on their own vomit or by fatal injury from accidents, including car crashes.

If Inhalants Are Harmful, Why Do Kids Use Them?

Many kids think inhalants are a harmless, cheap, and quick way to "catch a buzz." Because many inhalants can be found around the house, kids may not even think they are harmful. But the chemicals in the inhalant vapors can change the way the brain works and cause other complications in the body. What kids often don't know is that, in some cases, the harmful effects of inhalants can be irreversible.

Are Inhalants Addictive?

Some people, particularly those who abuse inhalants a lot and for a long time, report a strong need to continue using inhalants. Compulsive use and a mild withdrawal syndrome can occur. In fact, this is consistent with recent research in animal models showing that toluene can affect the brain in a way that is similar to other drugs of abuse (e.g., amphetamines). Toluene increases dopamine activity in reward areas of the brain, and the long-term disruption of the dopamine system is one of the key factors leading to addiction.

How Can I Tell if Someone Is Abusing Inhalants?

Sometimes you can’t tell. Other times you might see small signs that tell you a person is abusing inhalants. They might have chemical odors on their breath or clothing; paint or other stains on their face, hands, or clothing; nausea or loss of appetite; weight loss; muscle weakness; disorientation; or inattentiveness, uncoordinated movement, irritability, and depression.

What Should I Do if I Know Someone Is Abusing Inhalants?

When someone has a drug problem, it's not always easy to know what to do. If someone you know is abusing inhalants, encourage him or her to talk to a parent, school guidance counselor, or other trusted adult. There are also anonymous resources, such as the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline (1-800-273-TALK) and the Treatment Referral Helpline (1-800-662-HELP).

The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline (1-800-273-TALK) is a crisis hotline that can help with a lot of issues, not just suicide. For example, anyone who feels sad, hopeless, or suicidal; family and friends who are concerned about a loved one; or anyone interested in mental health treatment referrals can call this Lifeline. Callers are connected with a professional nearby who will talk with them about what they’re feeling or concerns for other family and friends.

In addition, the Treatment Referral Helpline (1-800-662-HELP)—offered by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration—refers callers to treatment facilities, support groups, and other local organizations that can provide help for their specific need. You can also locate treatment centers in your state by going towww.findtreatment.samhsa.gov.

Resource Materials

1.	National Institute on Drug Abuse. NIDA InfoFacts: Inhalants(http://www.nida.nih.gov/Infofax/inhalants.html). Bethesda, MD: NIDA, NIH, DHHS. Revised December 2011. Retrieved February 2012.
2.	National Institute on Drug Abuse. NIDA Research Report: Inhalant Abuse(http://www.drugabuse.gov/researchreports/inhalants/inhalants.html).NIH Publication No. 10-3818. Bethesda, MD: NIDA, NIH, DHHS. Printed 1999. Revised July 2010. Retrieved February 2012.
3.	National Institute on Drug Abuse. Mind Over Matter: Inhalants(http://teens.drugabuse.gov/mom/mom_inha1.php). NIH Pub. No. 03-4038. Bethesda, MD: NIDA, NIH, DHHS. Printed 1997. Reprinted 2006. Retrieved February 2012.
4.	National Institute on Drug Abuse. Mind Over Matter: Teaching Guide. Inhalants (http://teens.drugabuse.gov/mom/tg_inha1.php). NIH Publication No. 05-3592. Bethesda, MD: NIDA, NIH, DHHS. Printed 2002. Revised 2005. Retrieved February 2012.
5.	National Institute on Drug Abuse. Monitoring the Future. Data Tables and Figures (http://monitoringthefuture.org/data/11data/pr11t2.pdfand http://monitoringthefuture.org/data/11data/pr11t6.pdf). Bethesda, MD: NIDA, NIH, DHHS. December 2011. Retrieved February 2012.

inhalant

Solven-solven organic, nitrous oxide, nitrite, aerosol, glue, gam, bahan yang berasaskan solven penghapus pengilat kuku, cecair pemetik api, gasoline, cat dan penyembur rambut adalah jenis-jenis inhalan yang disalahgunakan.

Gam, petrol dan inhalan yang lain walaupun tidak perlu dibeli di pasaran haram, juga boleh menghasilkan kesan sampingan seperti dadah apabila disalahgunakan. Kekerapan menghidu gam atau petrol boleh mengkhayalkan pengguna dan menyebabkan seseorang itu ketagihan.

Kini kerajaan Malaysia dalam proses menggubal akta bahan menghkayalkan agar gejala penyalahgunaan bahan seperti ini dapat ditangani.

Kesan-Kesan Pengambilan
Percakapan yang tidak jelas, tiada koordinasi, pening, muntah dan pernafasan yang perlahan. Ianya juga boleh menyebabkan kerosakan otak, otot-otot dan sendi, masalah hati, kerosakan urat saraf, keletihan, hilang selera makan, meragam di luar kawalan, luka pada hidung atau mulut, hidung berdarah, cirit birit, pening, tingkahlaku ganjl atau berani dan kematian mengejut.

Didik murid benci dadah

Didik murid benci dadah

Kesan Buruk Alkohol

Setelah menjalankan kempen anti-merokok “Tak Nak”, Kementerian Kesihatan kini mengorak langkah mengadakan kempen anti-alkohol pula. Ini bertujuan bagi memberikan kesedaran tentang bahaya alkohol.

Alkohol bukan sahaja boleh memabukkan, tetapi juga mampu memudaratkan kesihatan diri sekiranya diamalkan berterusan. Ia umpama kombinasi dadah dan racun kepada badan kita. Malahan hampir setiap agama di dunia ini turut melarang tabiat tersebut di kalangan para penganutnya.

Kesan ketagihan akibat meminum alkohol bukannya bergantung kepada jenis alkohol tetapi jumlah yang diminum pada satu-satu masa. Pada dasarnya terdapat dua kesan yang ketara pada penagih alkohol iaitu kesan jangka pendek dan jangka panjang. Kesan jangka pendek pengambilan alkohol lebih kurang satu botol besar menjadikan seseorang itu kurang daya koordinasi seperti tidak boleh berjalan dengan betul dan tidak boleh membuka pintu. Dalam masa yang singkat ini juga boleh menyebabkan hangover. Hangover lazimnya disebabkan oleh keracunan alkohol, bahan lain dalam alkohol dan tindakbalas ketagih alkohol. Tanda-tanda hangover alkohol termasuklah sakit kepala, loya, muntah, cirit birit, gangguan pergerakan usus dan menggeletar selama 8 – 12 jam kemudian Kesan jangka panjang akan dirasai selepas meminumnya selama beberapa bulan atau tahun.

Kesan utama adalah seperti sakit jantung, hati atau penyakit dalam perut. Bila situasi ini berlaku mereka akan kurang selera makan, kekurangan vitamin, jangkitan penyakit, mati pucuk atau kekurangan haid. Kematian yang awal adalah lebih kerap pada orang yang kuat minum, terutamanya daripada sakit jantung atau hati, radang paru-paru, kanser, keracunan alkohol yang teruk, kemalangan, pembunuhan dan pembunuhan diri.
Kesan pada otak

1) Selepas minum, alkohol akan meresap dari usus kecil ke dalam darah. Alkohol terus dibawa ke jantung yang kemudiannya mengepam darah beralkohol tadi ke seluruh tubuh. Dari sini ia terus meresap ke dalam otak dan seterusnya ke urat saraf. Otak merupakan salah satu organ penting yang dimiliki oleh manusia kerana otaklah yang mengawal segala pergerakan dan perlakuan seseorang dan dengan kemasukan bahan asing ini ke dalamnya ia akan mempengaruhi pergerakan dan kelakuan peminumnya.

2) Menyebabkan berlakunya penindasan kawasan-kawasan yang biasanya mengawal maruah dan disiplin diri sehingga peminum mula merasa kurang sifat malu, fikiran bercelaru, dan pergerakannya pula agak tidak terkawal.

3) Kurang keupayaan dari segi belajar, membentuk idea spontan, menumpukan fikiran, dan membuat pertimbangan yang teliti. Semakin banyak jumlah alkohol yang diminum semakin kuat otak tertindas sehinggakan boleh menyebabkan tidak sedarkan diri dan seterusnya kematian.

Kesan pada hati

1) Setiap kali seorang peminum meminum alkohol, hati akan mengalami kecederaan (mendapat luka). Sel hati akan mati dan menjadi parut. Parut ini akan mengurangkan kemampuan hati untuk berfungsi dengan sempurna. Parut yang serius akan menyebabkan hati tidak dapat berfungsi langsung. Keadaan ini disebut sirosis hati dan boleh membawa maut.

2) Bengkak hati (hepatitis) juga boleh berlaku disebabkan oleh lebihan toksik alkohol. Pada mulanya ia menyebabkan hati mengembang dan lama kelamaan saluran darah akan mengecut. Ini menyebabkan darah tidak dapat mengalir ke hati dengan sempurna dan akhirnya saluran darah akan membengkak lalu pecah. Pada peringkat kritikal, penghidap hepatitis akan mengalami muntah darah dan najis mereka akan bercampur dengan darah.
Kesan pada perut

Alkohol menyebabkan kerengsaan perut (gastritis) yang akhirnya boleh membawa kepada ulser. Bagi mereka yang memang menghidapi ulser perut, sakitnya akan menjadi semakin teruk.

Kesan pada saraf

1) Boleh menyebabkan pelbagai jenis penyakit seperti sindrom Wernicke-Korsakoff dan kerosakan sel-sel otak, yang seterusnya membawa kepada komplikasi psikiatri. Peminum boleh mengalami halusinasi pendengaran, amnesia, paranoia, depresi dan kecenderungan membunuh diri.

Kesan pada janin

1) Peminum alkohol kronik yang sedang hamil boleh menyebabkan kandungannya mempunyai ciri-ciri kecacatan seperti kekurangan berat badan, saiz kepala yang terlalu kecil berbanding tubuh, kurang penyelarasan otot, keadaan muka yang rata, dan kelemahan sendi-sendi.

2) Bertindak dengan pelbagai sistem dan organ tubuh. Contohnya, kesan terhadap sistem peredaran tubuh menyebabkan darah lebih banyak dialirkan ke kulit. Ini menyebabkan kulit peminum menjadi kemerah-merahan dan perpeluhan meningkat. Pengepaman jantung juga bertambah pantas dan kuat seperti individu yang sedang melakukan senaman. Kepada penghidap penyakit jantung, mereka mempunyai kemungkinan diserang penyakit itu.

3) Lebih cenderung membuang air kecil dengan kerap kerana etanol boleh merencat hormon penahan kencing.

4) Mungkin mengalami anemia, hipoglisemia (kekurangan gula di dalam darah), dan ketandusan vitamin.

5) Boleh meningkatkan risiko kanser sebanyak 15 kali terutamanya pada bahagian mulut dan tekak.

6) Boleh juga menimbulkan pelbagai masalah sosial. Masalah ketagihan alkohol boleh merosakkan hubungan persahabatan, kehilangan pekerjaan, hutang, simpanan keluarga dihabiskan, masalah rumah tangga, penganiayaan, penderaan, keruntuhan moral dan sebagainya